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歐洲共同體委員會已制定了對報(bào)廢車輛指令(ELV)結(jié)束的理事會指令提案。 This "take back" process, as it has been called, is intended to shift waste management responsibility from the consumer to the manufacturer.這種“收回”過程中，因?yàn)樗驯徽{(diào)用，旨在轉(zhuǎn)移廢物管理的責(zé)任，從消費(fèi)者，制造商。 Although this directive is focused in Europe, it does affect any cars made in America destined for sale in Europe.雖然此指令集中在歐洲，它的確會影響在美國注定在歐洲銷售的任何汽車。 Also, automotive manufacturers would prefer to work to global standards, rather than standards based on each country's regulations.此外，汽車制造商寧愿致力于全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而不是根據(jù)每個(gè)國家的法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 And, who knows, this particular regulation may sail across the Atlantic and impact US environmental laws as well.，誰知道，這個(gè)特殊的規(guī)定可能橫渡大西洋和影響美國的法律環(huán)境以及。 The implementation schedule as taken from the Proposal For a Council Directive on end-of-life vehicles as presented by the Commission of the European Communities can be found in the sidebar.從理事會指令提案采取由歐洲共同體委員會提交的生命結(jié)束的車輛實(shí)施的時(shí)間表.
The most significant issue for finishers is to find a suitable replacement for hexavalent chromium.名將最重要的問題是要找到一個(gè)合適的替代六價(jià)鉻。 Because of this, manufacturers will need to address how a vehicle is manufactured so it can be easily dismantled and recycled, particularly how chromium can be stripped from the vehicle.正因?yàn)槿绱耍圃焐虒⑿枰鉀Q，車輛制造，因此它可以很容易拆除和回收，特別是如何剝離鉻可以從車輛。 Automakers will also have to reconsider the use of lead (except as solder is electronic circuit boards), mercury and cadmium, since these cannot be put through the recycling shredder or sent to landfill.汽車制造商也將不得不重新考慮，因?yàn)檫@些不能被通過回收粉碎機(jī)或送往垃圾填埋場使用鉛(焊料是電子電路板除外)，汞，鎘，。
Hexavalent Chromium Alternatives六價(jià)鉻替代品
Automotive manufacturers have specified chromium plating for decades because of its appearance, wear and corrosion resistance.汽車制造商指定的鍍鉻，幾十年來，因?yàn)樗耐庥^，耐磨，耐腐蝕。
Therefore, any replacement would have to demonstrate the same properties without detrimentally affecting the substrate.因此，任何替代會表現(xiàn)出相同的屬性，不產(chǎn)生不利影響的襯底。 Some of the alternatives on the market are chromium based; others include HVOF thermal spray, alloys and electroless nickel.市場上的一些替代鉻為主;其他包括超音速熱噴涂，金屬，合金和化學(xué)鍍鎳。
Chromium-Based Alternatives鉻為基礎(chǔ)的替代
Trivalent chromium is the most popular alternative to hexavalent chromium already on the market; however, it is seen as only a temporary measure since it is still chromium.三價(jià)鉻替代六價(jià)鉻的鉻，已經(jīng)在市場上是最流行的，但是，它只是一項(xiàng)臨時(shí)措施，因?yàn)樗匀皇倾t。 Regulations controlling the use and disposal of trivalent chromium baths are not as strict as those for hexavalent chromium baths.控制鉻浴的使用和處置的法規(guī)不如六價(jià)鉻浴嚴(yán)格。 Trivalent chromium coatings are often deposited over nickel layers.三價(jià)鉻涂層往往在鎳層沉積。 The subsequent coating is said to exhibit corrosion resistance comparable to hexavalent chromium when using ASTM B117 salt spray test or the CASS test [1].隨后的涂層說，六價(jià)鉻媲美，具有耐腐蝕，使用ASTM B117的鹽霧試驗(yàn)或CASS試驗(yàn)。
To obtain thicker, more functional trivalent chromium coatings pulse current plating has been used.為了獲得較厚，功能更強(qiáng)大的三價(jià)鉻涂料脈沖電流電鍍已被使用。 However, the corrosion resistance of these coatings has not been as good.然而，這些涂料的耐腐蝕性，一直沒有好。 Therefore, trivalent coatings are used as a decorative replacement coating for hexavalent chromium rather than a functional plating replacement.因此，三價(jià)涂料被用來作為裝飾更換涂層六價(jià)鉻，而不是一個(gè)功能電鍍更換。
A proprietary chromium-based alternative is the Monolith process from Enthone-OMI.一個(gè)專有的鉻為基礎(chǔ)的替代是從樂思近江壩段的過程。 The process is said to provide 20% more throughput without using copper.據(jù)說這個(gè)過程提供不使用銅的20%以上的吞吐量。 The plating cycle uses chromium oxide, ionic palladium, reduction, electroless nickel, functional nickel, bright nickel, micro-cracked nickel and chromium.電鍍循環(huán)使用三氧化二鉻，鈀離子，還原，電解鎳，鎳功能，光亮鎳，微裂紋鎳和鉻。 The process does not require a nickel strike, copper as a buffer for the temperature change, activation of copper for the adjacent adhesive nickel plating or semi-bright nickel for automotive parts.這個(gè)過程并不需要罷工作為溫度變化的緩沖汽車零部件相鄰的粘合劑鍍鎳或半光亮鎳，銅活化鎳，銅。 The process was created in response to these European recycling laws.這個(gè)過程是建立在這些歐洲的回收法律。 The metal is easily separated from the plastic for efficient recycling.高效回收塑料，金屬容易分離。
Cobalt-Based Alternatives基于鈷的替代品
Nickel-iron-cobalt (Ni-Fe-Co) alloy substitutes for chromium plating are said to have a wear resistance twice that of chromium and corrosion resistance that is 2.6 times greater.鎳鐵鈷(鎳鐵鈷)鍍鉻合金的替代品，具有耐磨性兩次鉻，耐腐蝕，是增加2.6倍。 With the appropriate nickel and iron content, a color similar to that of chromium can be obtained.用適當(dāng)?shù)逆嚭丸F的含量，可以得到類似的顏色鉻。 The iron and cobalt in solution increase hardness and stability.鐵和鈷溶液中增加了硬度和穩(wěn)定性。
Friction and wear tests were performed on this particular coating using a ball-on-disc machine.這個(gè)特殊的涂層用球- 圓盤機(jī)上進(jìn)行摩擦磨損試驗(yàn)。 The surface was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the surface composition analyzed with a x-ray analyzer.使用掃描電子顯微鏡(SEM)，并用X-射線分析儀分析表面成分，表面觀察。 Hv hardness was determined to be 1,118 at room temperature, whereas hard chromium was 900 Hv.HV硬度被確定為1,118室溫，而硬鉻為900暖通。 Hv hardness of the Ni-Fe-Co coating did not change until the temperature reached 300C, where it went to 1,552; at 400C, it was 1,422; at 500C, it was 1,300; at 600C, it was 1,190; and at 700C, it was 1,040.沉積Ni-Fe-Co涂層的硬度HV沒有改變，直到溫度達(dá)到，它在哪里就去到1552; ，它是1422; ，它是1300; ，它是1190和，它是1,040。
The wear rate for the Ni-Fe-Co plating was 110.56 10-17[m.sup.3]/NM (where V=lm/s, P=600 N, T=30 min).鎳鐵鈷鍍層的磨損率為110.56 10-17 [m.sup.3 /海里(其中：V =流明/ S，P = 600 N，T = 30分鐘)。 The wear rate for hard chromium was 241.11 10-17[m.sup.3]/NM [2,3].耐磨硬鉻率為241.11 10-17 [m.sup.3] / NM：[2,3]。
In tests on other cobalt-based coatings, it was found that the coatings adhere well to carbon and mild-steel substrates, however cracks are evident in the coating at temperatures of 500C and higher.其他鈷基涂層的試驗(yàn)，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，涂料以及堅(jiān)持以碳和輕度鋼基板，然而裂縫是在涂層明顯，在的溫度和較高的。 Cobalt-tungsten coatings are said to peel at 600C and are softer than hexavalent chromium plated coatings.鈷鎢涂層在和剝離說是比六價(jià)鉻鍍涂層柔軟。 Therefore, these are not seen as good alternatives to hexavalent chromium plating.因此，這些不被視為替代六價(jià)鉻電鍍。
濟(jì)南泰格化工有限公司應(yīng)用于結(jié)晶器銅管上的鎳鈷鐵鍍層，雖然比鎳鐵鈷鍍層優(yōu)越，通鋼量提高，也由于鎢合金鍍層，但還是含有鎳，對皮膚有過敏反應(yīng)。
以上都沒有體現(xiàn)鈷基鍍層的優(yōu)勢，現(xiàn)在發(fā)展電沉積鈷，鈷磷，鈷合金鍍層，由于無毒環(huán)保廣泛采用，耐鹽霧試驗(yàn)可達(dá)1000小時(shí)。
Nickel-Based Alternatives基于鎳的替代品
Electroless Nickel.化學(xué)鍍鎳。 Higher phosphorus electroless nickel (EN) coatings have better aqueous corrosion resistance, whereas lower phosphorus deposits have good corrosion resistance in alkaline environments [1].較高的磷化學(xué)鍍鎳(EN)涂料有更好的水溶液中的耐腐蝕性，而降低磷的存款有良好的耐腐蝕性，在堿性環(huán)境中[1]。 Electroless nickel coatings at least 8 microns thick have a salt fog resistance of 50 hr or longer depending on heat treatment.至少8微米厚的鍍鎳涂層有一個(gè)50小時(shí)耐鹽霧或更長的時(shí)間取決于熱處理。 Chromated EN plated parts have a higher salt fog resistance; however, dichromating uses hexavalent chromium, which is what one is trying to avoid.EN電鍍零件鍍鉻具有較高的耐鹽霧，但dichromating使用六價(jià)鉻，這是一個(gè)試圖避免。
Several proprietary electroless nickel coatings have been tested as alternatives to chromium plating.幾個(gè)專有的化學(xué)鍍鎳涂層已經(jīng)過測試，鍍鉻的替代品。 One proprietary electroless nickel coating process, using operating conditions comparable to standard EN plating, uses 5g/liter nickel and operates at a pH of 7.一個(gè)專有的化學(xué)鍍鎳過程中，使用到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)EN電鍍相媲美的經(jīng)營狀況，使用/liter鎳和pH值在7。 Hardness and wear are improved compared to standard EN deposits.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)EN存款相比，硬度和耐磨性提高。 Corrosion studies on 1.5 mil coatings using ASTM B 1 1 7 resulted in 100 hr [1].使用符合ASTM B 1 1 7 150萬涂層的腐蝕研究結(jié)果在100小時(shí)[1]。
Another proprietary electroless nickel bath contains boron and thallium.另一個(gè)專有的化學(xué)鍍鎳浴含有硼和鉈。 In the salt fog test, this coating withstood 200-hr exposure, and withstood exposure in an oxidizing atmosphere at 982C.這種涂層在鹽霧試驗(yàn)中，經(jīng)受住了200小時(shí)的曝光，并經(jīng)受住在氧化性氣氛中暴露于。 The main drawback to these coatings is that they are not easily reproduced on a plating line.這些涂料的主要缺點(diǎn)是，他們不會輕易復(fù)制上的電鍍生產(chǎn)線。
Electroplated Nickel.電鍍鎳。 Electroplated nickel coatings have good corrosion resistance but often tarnish easily in sulfur-containing environments.電鍍鎳涂層具有良好的耐腐蝕性，但往往容易在含硫環(huán)境損害。 Corrosion resistance is also not good in marine environments.在海洋環(huán)境中的耐腐蝕性也沒有好。
PRODUCTS FINISHING magazine published corrosion data for a chromium replacement electroplated nickel decorative finish.產(chǎn)品整理雜志出版鉻電鍍鎳更換裝飾面漆的腐蝕數(shù)據(jù)。 It can be found in Table I. The process, Enloy Ni-150, contains no chromium, chloride or strong chelators and can be used in rack and barrel operations.可以發(fā)現(xiàn)在表一的過程中，鎳150 Enloy，不含鉻，氯或強(qiáng)螯合劑，可用于在機(jī)架和桶操作。
Another proprietary coating that can replace decorative hexavalent chromium over bright nickel is tungsten-nickel-boron (TNB).另一項(xiàng)專利涂層，可以取代光亮鎳裝飾六價(jià)鉻是鎢- 鎳- 硼(TNB)。 This is an amorphous deposit of an electroplated alloy of these three metals.這是這三種金屬電鍍合金的非晶存款。 The deposition process uses conventional plating equipment, including conventional stainless steel or other inert anode materials.沉積過程中使用傳統(tǒng)的電鍍設(shè)備，包括傳統(tǒng)的不銹鋼或其他惰性陽極材料。 It also operates in a manner similar to a conventional nickel plating bath [4].該公司還經(jīng)營方式類似于傳統(tǒng)的鎳鍍液中[4]。
In initial CASS testing, panels with 0.00001 inch of TNB passed a 144 hr CASS test.0.00001英寸的TNB的小組在最初的CASS試驗(yàn)，通過了144小時(shí)CASS試驗(yàn)。 According to the manufacturer, the independent lab accidentally ran the panels three times longer than required by the standard, and the deposit withstood the extra exposure.根據(jù)制造商，獨(dú)立的實(shí)驗(yàn)室不小心碰到面板長三倍，比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求，存款，經(jīng)受住了額外的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 TNB tested according to ASTM B117 salt fog testing exceeded corrosion resistance results of hexavalent chromium deposits.TNB的測試按照ASTM B117的鹽霧測試六價(jià)鉻的存款超過了耐腐蝕的結(jié)果。
含有鎳，對皮膚有過敏反應(yīng)，不是環(huán)保鍍層。
Tin-Based Alternatives錫基的替代品
Tin-nickel is the only possible tin-based alloy replacement for chromium [1].錫，鎳是唯一可能的鉻合金錫基替代[1]。 Tin-nickel coatings containing 33-35% nickel show good corrosion resistance in strong acids [1].錫鎳鍍層含鎳33-35%，顯示良好的耐腐蝕性強(qiáng)酸[1]。 However, the service temperature is 320C.然而，工作溫度為。 Above this, the intermetallic compound breaks down.在此之上，金屬間化合物的分解。
Inorganic Alternatives無機(jī)替代品
High-velocity oxygenated fuel (HVOF) flame spaying allows chromium replacement coatings to be produced with comparable surfaces to hexavalent chromium.鉻替代涂層六價(jià)鉻比較表面生產(chǎn)速度高含氧燃料(超音速)火焰噴施允許。 Different powder materials are used to substitute for hard chromium depending on the mechanical loading of the component.不同的粉末材料，用來代替硬鉻取決于組件的機(jī)械負(fù)荷。
Tungsten-carbide cobalt-chromium (WC CoCr) provides protection against extreme abrasive wear.碳化鎢鈷鉻合金(碳化鎢鈷鉻)提供保護(hù)，防止極端磨損。 A special chromium carbide nickel (CrCNi) coating provides protection against wear with superimposed corrosion.一個(gè)特殊的碳化鉻鎳(CrCNi)涂層提供保護(hù)，防止磨損疊加的腐蝕。 A tungsten-carbide cobalt-nickel chromium-molybdenum (WC-CoNi-CrMo) coating provides protection against abrasion with superimposed adhesion.鎢硬質(zhì)合金鈷鎳鉻鉬合金(WC-CONI CRMO)涂層提供保護(hù)，防止與疊加粘附磨損。Coatings with tungsten-car bide-cobalt (WC Co) base materials are hard with high bond strength and high wear resistance.鎢車韜光養(yǎng)晦鈷(衛(wèi)生間有限公司)基料的涂料是硬盤具有較高的粘結(jié)強(qiáng)度和高耐磨性。 Nickel-chromium boron-silicon (NiCrBoSi) coatings have a medium abrasion resistance.鎳鉻硼硅(NiCrBoSi)涂料有一個(gè)中等的耐磨性。 With iron chromium-molybdenum (FeCrMo) coatings, the primary component provides wear protection, and the secondary one provides toughness and ductility.與鐵鉻鉬(FeCrMo)涂料，主要成分提供抗磨損保護(hù)，次要的韌性和延展性。
